NASA Saturn I/IB Launch Vehicles Owner's Workshop Manual

Book excerpt: The Saturn I and IB series of rockets fulfilled plans developed in the late 1950s to build a rocket which could triple the existing thrust levels of US rockets and equal the lifting capacity of the Soviet Union, launching satellites and spacecraft weighing more than 10 tonnes into Earth orbit and do it by the early 1960s. These rockets emerged from the work carried out by former V-2 technical director Wernher von Braun, working at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama. Three times more powerful than anything launched by America to that date, with a cluster of eight rocket motors for the first stage, the first Saturn I flew on October 27, 1961, and propelled America into the heavy-lift business. It was the Saturn I, and its successor the Saturn IB, with a more powerful second stage, that did all the preparatory work getting NASA ready to put men on the Moon. Between 1961 and 1975, the 19 flights of the Saturn I and IB achieved several historic “firsts”, launching the world’s first high-energy liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper stages into orbit in 1964, the first unmanned test of suborbital and orbital Apollo spacecraft in 1966, the first unmanned test of the Lunar Module in 1968, the first manned Apollo spacecraft Apollo 7 also in 1968, all three Skylab flights in 1973 and the last Apollo spacecraft flown in support of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975.