In the process of resolving disputes, it is not uncommon for parties to justify actions otherwise in breach of their obligations by invoking the need to protect

Many international obligations are subject to exceptions. These can be expressed in several ways: an obligation may be vitiated by the presence of one of its co

This study demonstrates the extensive protection that international law provides to human rights even in the most serious of emergencies when they are particula

Information Law Series Volume 45 In a copyright system characterised by broad and long-lasting exclusive rights, exceptions provide a vital counterweight, espec

International law has historically regulated foreign trade and foreign investment differently. Distinct evolutionary pathways have led to variances in treaty fo