A number of practical implications and issues can arise in the daily functioning of independent (first demand) guarantees and standby letters of credit. Bank Gu

The 21st century has witnessed swift change in every sphere of the human endeavour. Regulatory re-alignment, digitalisation and economic and political developme

Letters of credit and bank guarantees are the most important financial instruments in international exchange. Matti S. Kurkela, a leading expert in the field, p

Designed for use by anyone involved in international sales, finance, shipping and administration, The Handbook of International Trade and Finance provides a ful